Three Views of Causal Reality HPM 543 · Potential Outcomes Framework · Spring 2, 2026
Causal Inference · Rubin Causal Model

Three Views of Causal Reality

Toggle between universes and filter dots. Use Observed mean to show what this universe lets you calculate; use True mean to overlay what God would see. When both are on, a comparison table reveals the bias.

Universe
Show outcomes
Mean lines
I. Our Universe
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